grammar review

Pengertian Noun Clause

• Noun Clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
• Klausa kata benda ini dapat berfungsi sebagai subject maupun object didalam suatu clause atau phrase lain.
• Karena berfungsi sebagai kata benda, maka dapat digantikan dengan pronoun “it“.

Contoh:

• I forgot the fact. (noun)
• I forgot it. (pronoun)
• I forgot that the fact was very important. (noun clause)

Rumus Noun Clause

Noun clause dapat diawali oleh noun clause markers berupa question word, if atau whether, dan that. Adapun contoh noun clause pada clause lain beserta detail marker-nya dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Marker	Detail	Contoh Noun Clause dalam Kalimat
Question Word	Question word: what(ever), what (time, kind, day, etc), who(ever), whose, whom(ever), which(ever), where(ever), when(ever), how (long, far, many times, old, etc)	The class listened carefully what the teacher instructed. (Seluruh kelas mendengarkan dengan teliti apa yang guru instruksikan.)
		The kitten followed wherever the woman went. (Anak kucing mengikuti kemanapun wanita itu pergi.)
		Many people imagine how many time the man was failed before success. (Banyak orang membayangkan berapa kali pria itu gagal sebelum sukses.)
if atau whether	biasanya digunakan untuk kalimat jawaban dari pertanyaan yes-no question	Where does Leo live? (Dimana leo tinggal?)I wonder if he lives in West Jakarta. (Saya pikir dia tinggal di Jakarta Barat.)
		Is Leo live on Dewi Sartika Street? (Apakah Leo tinggal di jalan Dewi Sartika?)I don’t know if he live on Dewi Sartika Street or not. atau I don’t know whether or not he lives on Dewi Sartika street. (Saya tidak tahu jika dia tinggal di jalan Sartika atau tidak.)
that	biasanya that-clause untuk mental activity. Berikut daftar verb pada main clause yang biasanya diikuti that-clause:assume, believe, discover, dream, guess, hear, hope, know, learn, notice, predict, prove, realize, suppose, suspect, think	I think that the group will arrive in an hour. (Saya pikir rombongan itu akan tiba dalam satu jam.)
		Many people proved that the man was a big liar. (Banyak orang membuktikan bahwa pria itu pembohong besar.)

Fungsi Noun Clause

Berikut adalah contoh kalimat dari setiap fungsi noun clause.

Fungsi	Contoh Noun Clause dalam Kalimat
Subject of a Verb	What she cooked was delicious.
	That today is his birthday is not right.
Subject complement	The fact is that she is smart and dilligent.
	A teacher must be whoever is patient.
Object of a Verb	Diana believes that her life will be happier.
	I want to know how Einstein thought.
Object of a preposition	The girl comes from where many people there live in poverty.
	He will attend the party with whichever fits to his body.

• Adjective clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective dan menjelaskan tentang noun atau pronoun pada suatu complex sentence (kalimat yang terdiri dari independent clause dan satu atau lebih dependent clause).
• Posisi adjective clause selalu mengikuti noun atau pronoun yang diterangkannya. Di dalam kalimat, noun atau pronoun itu berfungsi sebagai subject atau object.
• Adjective clause dimulai dengan suatu kata yang disebut relative pronoun (who, whom, etc) yang berfungsi menjembatani hubungan dengan noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan. 

Contoh Adjective Clause pada Complex Sentence:

Simple Sentence	Complex Sentence	Keterangan
The book is interesting.	The book that he has read is interesting.	The book: noun (phrase), that: relative pronoun, that he has read: adjective clause yang menjelaskan the book. Merupakan klausa karena terdiri dari subject (he) dan verb (has read) dan merupakan adjective clause karena menjelaskan noun.

Rumus Adjective Clause

Complex Sentence:

Independent Clause + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause:

Relative Pronoun +/- S*+V

Keterangan: *Relative pronoun (who, which, that) dapat berfungsi sebagai subject jika tidak ada subject

Fungsi Relative Pronoun pada Adjective Clause

Beberapa fungsi relative pronoun di dalam adjective clause berikut contohnya adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi	Relative Pronoun	Contoh Adjective Clause	Pembuktian
Subject	who, that, which	that was made of cheddar cheese.	coba substitusi dengan “It” (subjective personal pronoun)
Object*	whom, that, which, who	whom I want to buy	coba substitusi dengan “it” (objective personal pronoun)
Possessive	whose	whose house has burned down	coba substitusi dengan “his” (possessive personal pronoun)

*Dapat dihilangkan pada defining relative clause.

Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adjective Clause

Saat menerangkan subject, posisi adjective clause akan berada di tengah kalimat. Klausa tersebut dapat diapit koma ataupun tidak, tergantung pada penting atau tidaknya informasi tambahan yang dibawanya. Informasi tersebut dinilai essential (penting) atau restrictive jika akan mengubah makna kalimat jika dihilangkan. Pada situasi tersebut, koma tidak digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi essential tersebut dinamakan defining clause. Sebaliknya, jika informasi non-essential (tidak penting) atau non-restrictive karena dapat dihilangkan tanpa merubah makna kalimat, maka koma digunakan. Klausa yang membawa informasi non-essential tersebut dinamakan non-defining clause.

Contoh Complex Sentence:

• Essential: People who chew well may have healthy digestion.
• Non-essential: Yulia, who does exercise regularly, has a positive body image.

Contoh Adjective Clause

Adapun contoh adjective clause dengan berbagai relative pronoun dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.

Relative Pronoun	Contoh Adjective Clause di Dalam Complex Sentence	Keterangan
who	He is the man who works hard to support their daily needs. (Dia pria yang bekerja keras untuk menanggung kebutuhan sehari-hari mereka.)	Adjective clause  menerangkan noun (the man) yang berfungsi sebagai subject complement.
whom	The woman whom you saw last night is my sister. (Wanita yang kamu lihat tadi malam adalah saudara saya.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (the woman) yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
whose	The man whose car is antique works as a lecturer. (The man yang punya mobil antik itu bekerja sebagai dosen.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (the man) yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
which	Mueeza, which is very faithful, is my cat. (Mueeza, yang sangat setia, adalah kucing saya.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (Mueeza) yang berfungsi sebagai subject kalimat.
where	Bandar Lampung is a city where I was born. (Bandar Lampung adalah kota dimana saya dilahirkan.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (a city) yang berfungsi sebagai subject complement.
that	It is the car that I has dreamed for many years ago. (Ini mobil yang telah saya impikan sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.)	Adjective clause menerangkan noun (the car) yang berfungsi sebagai subject complement.

SUBJUNCTIVE WITH "WISH"(3, habis)

3). Past Simple (lampau)

a. Explanation

Ini digunakan untuk menyatakan PENGANDAIAN/PENGHARAPAN pada waktu lampau/menyesali sesuatu yang telah terjadi/menyesali karena tidak terjadi, walaupun  itu semua hanya sebatas HARAPAN PENGANDAIAN saja, karena memang hal itu tidak terjadi pada waktu lampau, seperti yang DIHARAPKAN itu, hanya MENGANDAIKAN saja.

Untuk menyatakan hal yang telah terjadi pada waktu lampau, yang jika dalam kalimat biasa/nyata digunakan verb-2; seperti DID dan SEJENISNYA (enjoyed, studied, visited, went dan saw), maka dalam kalimat subjunctive-nya atau ‘WISHES-nya ini dipakai bentuk past perfect; yaitu ‘HAD DONE’ dan SEJENISNYA {had enjoyed, had studied, had visited, had gone dan had seen) di depan Subject 2, atau sesudah kata ‘wish’.

Untuk to be; (WAS/WERE +NV=Non Verb/bukan kata kerja) pada WAKTU LAMPAU pada kalimat SEBENARNYA, maka pada kalimat subjunctive 'wishes'-nya ini digunakan bentuk LEBIH LAMPAU yaitu:  HAD BEEN+NV=Non Verb.

Kesimpulan; Jika pada kalimat sebenarnya/keadaan SEBENARNYA itu dalam keadaan LAMPAU/past, maka dalam keadaan pengandaian ‘WISH’nya itu LEBIH LAMPAU/past perfect.

b. Pattern/Rumus:

Subject  1+ wish (that) + subject 2 + (modal-2)+have +V3.

Subject  1+ wish (that) + subject 2 + (modal-2) +have +been+NV

Subject  1+ wish (that) + subject 2 + had +V3

Subject  1+ wish (that) + subject 2 + had +been+NV

Note: Modal-2; would, could, might, should.

c. Example:

Wish: 

 My mother WISH that she had had more time last night.

 (Ibuku MENGHARAPKAN SEANDAINYA beliau sudah mempunyai banyak waktu tadi malam.)

 The reality: 

 She didn’t have more time last night.

 (Kenyataan: Beliau tidak mempunyai lebih banyak waktu tadi malam.)

Wish: 

I WISH he had not been absent yesterday.

(Saya MENGHARAPKAN SEANDAINYA dia tidak absent kemarin.)

The reality:

He was absent. (Dia absen)

(Kenyataan: He was not present. (Dia tidak hadir)

Wish: 

I WISH he had come last night.

(Saya MENGHARAPKAN SEANDAINYA dia datang tadi malam)

The reality: 

He didn’t come last night.

(Kenyataan: Dia tidak datang tadi malam.)

Active and Passive Voice

Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.

Contoh :

• Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
• Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months

Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:

1. Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
2. Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
4. Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
5. Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
6. Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.

Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti pola sebagai berikut:

Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier

Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis

a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.

Contoh:

• Active    : He meets them everyday.
• Passive  : They are met by him everyday.

• Active    : She waters this plant every two days.
• Passive  : This plant is watered by her every two days.

b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were

Contoh:

• Active    : He met them yesterday
• Passive  : They were met by him yesterday

• Active    : She watered this plant this morning
• Passive  : This plant was watered by her this morning

c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’

Contoh:

• Active    : He has met them
• Passive  : They have been met by him
• Active    : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
• Passive  : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.

d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been

Contoh:

• Active    : He had met them before I came.
• Passive  : They had been met by him before I came.

• Active    : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
• Passive  : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here

e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be

Contoh:

• Active    : He will meet them tomorrow.
• Passive  : They will be met by him tomorrow.

• Active    : She will water this plant this afternoon.
• Passive  : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.

• Active    : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
• Passive  : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.

f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’

Contoh:

• Active    : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
• Passive  : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.

• Active   : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
• Passive  : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.

g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would have met them.
• Passive  : They would have been met by him.

• Active    : She would have watered this plant.
• Passive  : This plant would have been watered by her.

h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He is meeting them now.
• Passive  : They are being met by him now.

• Active    : She is watering this plant now.
• Passive  : This plant is being watered by her now.

i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He was meeting them.
• Passive  : They were being met by him.

• Active    : She was watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant was being watered by her.

j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He has been meeting them.
• Passive  : They have been being met by him.

• Active    : She has been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant has been being watered by her.

k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He had been meeting them.
• Passive  : They had been being met by him.

• Active    : She had been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant had been being watered by her.

l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He will be meeting them.
• Passive  : They will be being met by him.

• Active    : She will be watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant will be being watered by her.

m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would be meeting them.
• Passive  : They would be being met by him.

• Active    : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive   : This plant would be being watered by her.

n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He will have been meeting them.
• Passive  : They will have been being met by him.

• Active    : She will have been watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant will have been being watered by her.

o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.

Contoh:

• Active    : He would be meeting them.
• Passive  : They would be being met by him.

• Active    : She would be watering this plant.
• Passive  : This plant would be being watered by her.

Contoh-contoh yang lain:

1. Koko’s nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh temannya tepat di hidungnya).
2. The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
3. These plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago. (Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
4. There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
5. English is studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

6.      DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.
Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English”
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:
Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional
Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,
Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct  :                                               Indirect :
Now                                        →        Then
Today                                      →        That day
Tonight                                    →        That night
This week                                →        That week
Yesterday                                →        The day before
The day before yesterday       →        Two days before
Last night                                →        The night before
Last week/year                        →        The previous week/year
A year ago                               →        A year before/The previous year
Three years ago                       →        Three years before
Tomorrow                               →        The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year                       →        The following week/year
On Sunday                              →        On Sunday
Here                                        →        There
This book                                →        The book
This                                         →        That
These                                       →        Those
Over there                               →        Over there
*etc.
PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Can      →        Could
May     →        Might
Might  →        Might
Must    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

 D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

She says to her friend that he has been reading

D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

 D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

I : He has told you that he is writing

 D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

 D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

  D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

 D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

 D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

Direct dan Indirect Speech merupakan materi grammar bahasa Inggris yang banyak diajarkan di jenjang SMP dan SMA. Direct dan Indirect Speech atau yang biasa disebut Reported Speech ini menjadi langganan bentuk soal yang sering keluar di UN baik untuk SMP dan SMA.

Atas dasar begitu pentingnya materi Direct dan Indirect Speech ini, maka pada kesempatan kali ini penulis memberikan penjelasan mengenai Direct dan Inderct tersebut dengan lengkap kepada pengunjung sekalian. Semoga bermanfaat.

Direct dan Indirect Speech

Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).

Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.

Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").

• He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
• He asked me, "why do you come late."

Sedangkan Reported Speech adalah baigan awal dari kalimat direct speech.

• He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
• He asked me, "why do you come late."

Untuk itu, pada artikel ini penulis sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.

1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat

Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik ("). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.

Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."	He said that he had a present for me in his bag.
02	He asked me, "why do you come late."	He asked me why I came late.
03	He orderd me, "don't bring a bag."	He ordered me to didn't bring a bag.

Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?"	They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football.
02	He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?"	He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her.

Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He asked me, "why do you come late?"	He asked me why you came late.
02	He asked me, "what does she eat?"	He asked me what she ate.
03	He asked me, "when did you come?"	He asked me when I came.
04	He asked me, "who are you?"	He asked me who I was.
05	He asked me, "who is she?"	He asked me who she was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)

Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti.

Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan Pronoun

Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).

• Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘I am busy.’	He said that he was busy.
02	She said, ‘I am unwell.’	She said that she was unwell.
03	I said, ‘I will be late.’	I said that I would be late.
04	They said, ‘We will not permit this.’	They said that they would not permit that.
05	We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’	We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

• Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’	He told me that I had to go with him.
02	She said to me, ‘You can go.’	She told me that I could go.
03	She said to him, ‘You can go.’	She told him that he could go.

• Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘She is a good girl.’	He said that she was a good girl.
02	She said, ‘They have invited us.’	She said that they had invited them.
03	They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’	They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Now	Then
02	To day	That day
03	Tomorrow	The next day The day after The following day A day later
04	Next ...	The ... after The following ...
05	Last ...	The ... before The Previous ...
06	... ago	... before ... earlier
07	Yesterday	The day before The previous day The preceeding day
08	The day before yesterday	Two day before
09	Here	There
10	This	That
11	These	Those

Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
(+)	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”	He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
(-)	He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”	He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”	He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?	He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)	He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”	He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)	He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”	He ordered me not to bring my bag there.